Travel Socialization of youth and young adults
Author: Harri Hannula
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Older children, young adults are able to travel independently and many times and want independence for social reasons. This paper addresses the theoretical framework of travel socialization of youth and young adults by studying travel socialization in the context of intention, habits, norms and behaviour. The travel socialization structures have a direct effect on personal and social norm as well as car use habit has an indirect influence on car use conciliated by norms, intentions and habits.
The term 'socialization' indicates the manner in which different individuals learn values, motives, knowledge and roles neglect to their place in a society or in a group (Bush & Simmons, 1981). 'Travel socialization' concentrates on process of learning in terms of mobility behaviour.
In society a young adult may leave school and join the work life or higher education, move in their own apartments independently from their parents, having their sexual relationships and become parents themselves. The shift from a child to adult is commonly integrated with many central changes and events. These changes are associated by developments in young adult's social status i.e. they become consumers of goods and services which is a vital sign of adult status (Morrow & Richards, 1996).
Not always the life cycle of young adult follow the same pattern. In society, young adults often tend to belong in to a group where they don't necessarily fully fit. One may argue that they are too old for children's interests and get rapidly bored for programs for after school aimed at this group. Often this group are not necessarily trusted of making independent decisions considering accommodation and transportation. Later after the high-school they are expected to have similar travel behaviour like their parents. Nowadays development and complexity of society drives young adults to go high school and universities, increasing the time of dependence on the family. A period of dependent youth has been extended by young people and young adults they push moving to work life later and remain in education and training (Rice, 1999, Jones 2002).
Morrow and Richards (1996) present that boundaries between childhood and different aspects of adulthood are increasingly blurred due to range of legal, political, financial and social factors. Young people experience the transition differently, each individually. Their experiences differ in relation to the available opportunities and choices as well as particular needs they have. Unlike in 20th century, today youth is not as vital and necessary part of the work-life. For young adult in 21st century there are other factors that interrupt the shift from school to work such as; part-time work, unemployment and sub-employment periods and education. One can argue that the preparation for adulthood isn't as straightforward as it used to be. It has become more uncertain (Hollands, 2002).
Weston (2005) argues that independent travelling can have positive impact on youngster's self-esteem, social skills and decision-making because of their interaction with different people in different environments. Young people's cultural values, needs and understanding differ from adults'.
Transportation has a considerable role in a decision making of young people and it is obvious in a range of other studies. Young adult when choosing training or study institution or the choice of leisure activities and employment as well as access to vital services such as housing, then importance of transportation comes to play (McWhannell and Braunholtz 2002).
There are different strands that can prevent people from accessing to social services such as access to job, education, leisure activities and shopping therefore can cause exclusion from society. Particularly among young people different researchers have found many structural, personal and financial barriers in travel (Stafford et al, 2004). Studies also indicate transportation playing an influential role in young people's shift towards independence. Storey and Brannen (2000), argue that in rural areas young people stay home with parents long because of bad connections or bad situation of the house. Also young adults when moving away and live independently still remain dependent on parent's transportation on key services (Cartmel and Furlong, 2000).
Klöckner and Matthies (2008), present that habits mediate the impact of three characteristics of travel mode socialization of car use: Usage of public transportation by parents, experimenting a procurement of a car licence as a transition to adulthood and multi-mobility of a peer group. This discussion paper examines the theoretical framework by studying the role of travel
Coughlan (2006) present that that a lifestyle study made in US show that Facebook, as a social online network that connects friends and colleagues, has became this new way of communication for many university students. There are social network maps that are used to identify the most important factors in the development and provision of youth service, the ways information is shared in the offices and also social connection via text messaging. These maps rather than being used showing spatial connections, maps are diagrams implemented indicating interconnection between people. When examining social patterns of young adults it is important to acknowledge their socialisation in off-peak times and overhauling their social network randomly and constantly changing ways. Thus, young adults may become vital source of information in the development of transit services to support social travel.
Corrigan, L. (2003). The Car versus Sustainable Transportation: A Case Study of Youth Attitudes, Values, and Behaviours at PCVS. Peterborough, Ont: Department of Geography, Trent University
Jones, G. (2005) Young people and their families today. Extension of economic dependence in youth: Implications for families . NFPI Policy Discussion Paper. London, National Family and Parenting Institute
Klöckner and Matthies, (2004) C.A. Klöckner and E. Matthies, How habits interfere with norm directed behaviour - a normative decision-making model for travel mode choice, Journal of Environmental Psychology 24 (2004), pp. 319-327
Lohmann M (2004) 'New demand factors in tourism' Paper for European Tourism Forum; available from: http://www.ectaa.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=y8qguk%2FjvyI%3D&tabid=103
The term 'socialization' indicates the manner in which different individuals learn values, motives, knowledge and roles neglect to their place in a society or in a group (Bush & Simmons, 1981). 'Travel socialization' concentrates on process of learning in terms of mobility behaviour.
In society a young adult may leave school and join the work life or higher education, move in their own apartments independently from their parents, having their sexual relationships and become parents themselves. The shift from a child to adult is commonly integrated with many central changes and events. These changes are associated by developments in young adult's social status i.e. they become consumers of goods and services which is a vital sign of adult status (Morrow & Richards, 1996).
Not always the life cycle of young adult follow the same pattern. In society, young adults often tend to belong in to a group where they don't necessarily fully fit. One may argue that they are too old for children's interests and get rapidly bored for programs for after school aimed at this group. Often this group are not necessarily trusted of making independent decisions considering accommodation and transportation. Later after the high-school they are expected to have similar travel behaviour like their parents. Nowadays development and complexity of society drives young adults to go high school and universities, increasing the time of dependence on the family. A period of dependent youth has been extended by young people and young adults they push moving to work life later and remain in education and training (Rice, 1999, Jones 2002).
Morrow and Richards (1996) present that boundaries between childhood and different aspects of adulthood are increasingly blurred due to range of legal, political, financial and social factors. Young people experience the transition differently, each individually. Their experiences differ in relation to the available opportunities and choices as well as particular needs they have. Unlike in 20th century, today youth is not as vital and necessary part of the work-life. For young adult in 21st century there are other factors that interrupt the shift from school to work such as; part-time work, unemployment and sub-employment periods and education. One can argue that the preparation for adulthood isn't as straightforward as it used to be. It has become more uncertain (Hollands, 2002).
Weston (2005) argues that independent travelling can have positive impact on youngster's self-esteem, social skills and decision-making because of their interaction with different people in different environments. Young people's cultural values, needs and understanding differ from adults'.
Transportation has a considerable role in a decision making of young people and it is obvious in a range of other studies. Young adult when choosing training or study institution or the choice of leisure activities and employment as well as access to vital services such as housing, then importance of transportation comes to play (McWhannell and Braunholtz 2002).
There are different strands that can prevent people from accessing to social services such as access to job, education, leisure activities and shopping therefore can cause exclusion from society. Particularly among young people different researchers have found many structural, personal and financial barriers in travel (Stafford et al, 2004). Studies also indicate transportation playing an influential role in young people's shift towards independence. Storey and Brannen (2000), argue that in rural areas young people stay home with parents long because of bad connections or bad situation of the house. Also young adults when moving away and live independently still remain dependent on parent's transportation on key services (Cartmel and Furlong, 2000).
Klöckner and Matthies (2008), present that habits mediate the impact of three characteristics of travel mode socialization of car use: Usage of public transportation by parents, experimenting a procurement of a car licence as a transition to adulthood and multi-mobility of a peer group. This discussion paper examines the theoretical framework by studying the role of travel
Coughlan (2006) present that that a lifestyle study made in US show that Facebook, as a social online network that connects friends and colleagues, has became this new way of communication for many university students. There are social network maps that are used to identify the most important factors in the development and provision of youth service, the ways information is shared in the offices and also social connection via text messaging. These maps rather than being used showing spatial connections, maps are diagrams implemented indicating interconnection between people. When examining social patterns of young adults it is important to acknowledge their socialisation in off-peak times and overhauling their social network randomly and constantly changing ways. Thus, young adults may become vital source of information in the development of transit services to support social travel.
Corrigan, L. (2003). The Car versus Sustainable Transportation: A Case Study of Youth Attitudes, Values, and Behaviours at PCVS. Peterborough, Ont: Department of Geography, Trent University
Jones, G. (2005) Young people and their families today. Extension of economic dependence in youth: Implications for families . NFPI Policy Discussion Paper. London, National Family and Parenting Institute
Klöckner and Matthies, (2004) C.A. Klöckner and E. Matthies, How habits interfere with norm directed behaviour - a normative decision-making model for travel mode choice, Journal of Environmental Psychology 24 (2004), pp. 319-327
Lohmann M (2004) 'New demand factors in tourism' Paper for European Tourism Forum; available from: http://www.ectaa.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=y8qguk%2FjvyI%3D&tabid=103